| Battle of Rozgony | |||||||
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Battle of Rozgony, Chronicon Pictum |
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Aba family Máté Csák |
House of Anjou Order of Saint John Saxons of Szepes County |
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Aba Nagy (Aba the Great) Demeter Balassa |
Charles I of Hungary | ||||||
The Battle of Rozgony[1] or Battle of Rozhanovce[2] was fought between King Charles I of Hungary and the family of Palatine Amade Aba[1] on June 15, 1312[3], on the Rozgony (today Rozhanovce) field. Chronicon Pictum described it as the "most cruel battle since the Mongol invasion of Europe". Despite many casualties on the King's side, his decisive victory brought an end to the Aba family's rule over eastern Kingdom of Hungary, weakened King's major domestic opponent Máté Csák, and ultimately secured power for Charles I of Hungary.
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After the Árpád dynasty died out in 1301, the succession to the throne of the Kingdom of Hungary became contested. The Pope's champion, Charles Robert of Anjou, finally drove his foreign opponents out of the country and was crowned in 1310. However, his rule remained nominal in many parts of the Kingdom because several powerful magnates still did not recognize him as the king. King's chief adversary was Máté Csák, who controlled 14 counties in western and north parts of the Hungarian Kingdom. He allied himself with the Aba family, who ruled eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
In 1312, Charles besieged Sáros Castle, (now part of Slovakia - Šariš Castle) controlled by the Abas. After the Abas received substantial reinforcement from Máté Csák (according to Chronicon Pictum almost Máté's entire force as well as 1,700 mercenary spearmen), the king was forced to retreat to the loyal Szepes county (Spiš), whose inhabitants subsequently reinforced his own troops. The Abas' benefited from the king's retreat. They decided to use the gathered opposition forces to attack the town of Kassa (today Košice) because of a blood feud with the burghers and perhaps also because of Kassa's strategic location and immense wealth. Charles could do nothing but march on Kassa and engage his adversaries before they conquer the town.
The opposition forces abandoned the siege of Kassa and positioned their troops on a hill near the Tarca (Torysa river). Charles I of Hungary was forced to dispose his troops in a flat agricultural land under that hill. Although the numbers are uncertain, the king's army consisted of his own men, an elite unit of Knights Hospitaller, and a 1,000-men strong infantry unit of Spiš Saxons. Because of the contradicting versions in the contemporary chronicles, it is not clear to what extent the Aba family was helped by Máté Csák's forces.
The battle commenced when the rebels made a surprising attack during or just after the Mass in the king's camp. A bloody mêlée followed, causing heavy casualties among knights on both sides. At one point, even the king's battle standard was lost and Charles himself had to fight under the standard of the Knights Hospitaller. In the crucial moment of the battle, a reinforcement from Kassa came and saved the king's cause. The rebel army, after it lost its commanders in the battle, was routed.
The key leaders of the Aba family perished in the battle and their domain was divided between the King and his loyal followers. The loss of the key ally was also an important blow to Máté Csák. Although he managed to control much of his territories until his death in 1321, his power started to decline just after the battle and he could never again launch any major offensive against the king.
The immediate consequence was that Charles I of Hungary gained control over the northeastern part of the country. But the long-term consequences of the victory were even more important. The battle drastically reduced magnates' opposition against him. The King extended his power base and prestige. The position of Charles as King of Hungary was now secured militarily and resistance against his rule came to its end.
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